ApartSIL Phenyl is an HPLC (High-Performance Liquid Chromatography) column designed for reversed-phase chromatography, featuring a phenyl functional group bonded to the silica support. This type of column provides unique separation characteristics due to the interaction between analytes and the phenyl groups. Here’s a comprehensive overview of ApartSIL Phenyl:

1. General Characteristics

• Type: Reversed-phase HPLC column.
• Stationary Phase: Silica particles bonded with phenyl groups.
• Phenyl Designation: Refers to the phenyl rings attached to the silica surface, which provide specific interactions with analytes.

2. Particle and Pore Characteristics

• Particle Size: Available in various particle sizes such as 3µm, 5µm, or 10µm. Smaller particles offer higher resolution and efficiency.
• Pore Size: Typically around 100 Å (angstroms), suitable for separating small to moderately large molecules.
• Surface Area: High surface area due to finely divided silica particles, enhancing the interaction between analytes and the stationary phase.

3. Functional Groups and Bonding

• Phenyl Groups: The column features phenyl (C6H5) groups bonded to the silica surface. These aromatic rings provide π-π interactions, which are useful for separating compounds based on their aromaticity and planarity.
• Bonding Technology: Phenyl groups are bonded to the silica using advanced silanization techniques, ensuring stable and reproducible performance.

4. Applications

• Pharmaceutical Analysis: Suitable for separating aromatic pharmaceuticals, APIs, and their metabolites. Effective for compounds with planar structures.
• Environmental Testing: Useful for analyzing aromatic pollutants and other organic compounds in environmental samples.
• Food and Beverage Analysis: Employed for separating aromatic compounds and additives in food and beverages.
• Biochemical Analysis: Effective for separating aromatic peptides and proteins, as well as other biomolecules with aromatic characteristics.
• Clinical Research: Useful for analyzing biological samples for drugs and metabolites that have aromatic rings.

5. Performance and Stability

• Aromatic Interactions: The phenyl groups facilitate interactions with aromatic compounds, leading to enhanced separation of such analytes.
• High Efficiency: Provides high efficiency with well-resolved peaks, essential for accurate quantification and identification.
• Reproducibility: Ensures consistent and reproducible results, which is crucial for routine analyses and method validation.

6. Operating Conditions

• pH Range: Typically stable across a pH range of 2 to 8, allowing flexibility in mobile phase composition.
• Temperature Range: Generally stable up to 60-80°C, depending on the specific column specifications.
• Mobile Phases: Compatible with a variety of organic solvents (e.g., methanol, acetonitrile) and aqueous buffers, providing versatility in method development.

7. Maintenance and Care

• Column Conditioning: Proper conditioning with recommended solvents before initial use is necessary to achieve optimal performance.
• Cleaning Protocols: Regular cleaning with appropriate solvents (e.g., methanol, acetonitrile) helps maintain performance by removing retained contaminants.
• Storage: Should be stored in a suitable solvent (such as methanol or acetonitrile) to prevent the stationary phase from drying out and to avoid microbial growth.

8. Advantages of the Phenyl Phase

• Aromatic Interaction: The phenyl groups provide π-π interactions that are useful for separating compounds with aromatic structures.
• Good Separation Efficiency: Delivers high separation efficiency and sharp peaks, which are essential for accurate analytical work.
• Versatility: Suitable for separating a variety of aromatic and non-aromatic compounds, making it versatile for different analytical applications.

9. Variants and Customization

• Different Particle and Pore Sizes: Available in various configurations to suit specific analytical needs, including different particle sizes and pore sizes.
• Column Dimensions: Offered in different lengths (e.g., 50mm, 100mm, 150mm, 250mm) and internal diameters (e.g., 2.1mm, 4.6mm) to cater to different applications, from high-throughput analysis to preparative chromatography.

10. Technical Specifications

• Silica Support: Made from high-purity silica, minimizing metal contamination that could interfere with separation.
• Endcapping: Often endcapped to reduce the activity of residual silanol groups, improving peak shape and reducing tailing for basic compounds.
• Bonding Process: The phenyl groups are bonded using advanced silanization techniques, ensuring stable and consistent performance.

11. Applications in Research and Industry

• Pharmaceutical Quality Control: Used in quality control labs for analyzing aromatic pharmaceuticals and their metabolites, providing accurate separation and quantification.
• Environmental Analysis: Effective for analyzing aromatic pollutants and organic contaminants in environmental samples.
• Food Safety Testing: Useful for analyzing food products for aromatic additives and contaminants.
• Chemical Manufacturing: Employed in monitoring chemical processes and purification steps in industrial settings.
• Clinical and Biomedical Research: Facilitates the separation and identification of aromatic biomolecules, aiding in drug development and disease research.

12. Method Development

• Optimization Flexibility: The column’s ability to interact with aromatic compounds allows for flexibility in method development, suitable for a variety of analytes.
• Compatibility with Gradient Elution: Performs well under both gradient and isocratic elution conditions, offering versatility in method design.

13. Regulatory Compliance

• Pharmaceutical and Food Testing: Often used in methods that comply with regulatory standards (e.g., USP, EP, FDA), making it suitable for validated analytical procedures.

14. Manufacturers and Suppliers

• Availability: ApartSIL Phenyl columns are produced by various chromatography product manufacturers. Specific details may vary, so consulting the product datasheet is recommended.
• Technical Support: Manufacturers typically provide comprehensive technical support, including user guides, troubleshooting advice, and method development assistance.

15. Comparative Advantages

• Aromatic Interaction Benefits: Provides enhanced separation for aromatic compounds, which might not be well-separated using columns with different functional groups.
• Versatility: Suitable for a broad range of applications, from pharmaceuticals to environmental analysis, making it a versatile choice for various analytical needs.

16. Aromatic Interaction Benefits

• Improved Separation: The π-π interactions provided by the phenyl groups improve separation efficiency and peak shapes for aromatic and planar compounds.
• High Purity: Ensures minimal contamination and reliable separation results, which is critical for accurate analytical work.

In summary, ApartSIL Phenyl is an HPLC column designed for reversed-phase chromatography with phenyl groups bonded to the silica. Its ability to interact with aromatic compounds makes it ideal for analyzing a range of aromatic and non-aromatic substances. The column provides high separation efficiency, versatility, and reproducibility, making it valuable for pharmaceutical, environmental, food, and biochemical analyses.